Kreb's Cycle
The Krebs cycle, also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) referring to a complex series of chemical reactions in all cells that utilize oxygen as part of their respiration process. This includes those cells of creatures from the higher animal kingdom, such as humans.
Chemeosmosis:
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP occurring when protons that follow a concentration gradient contact ATP synthase.
Link for Electron Transport:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain
♥Jeyonce♥
BRITNEY!
Monday, October 4, 2010
Wednesday, September 15, 2010
Fetal Stages
----------Advance Biology NOTES (September 15, 2010)------------
Development-> concerns with the events and processes that occurs as a single cell becomes a complex organism.
Processes of Development
1. Growth- cell divides gets larger and divides again
2. Differentiation- when cells become specialized in structure & function
3. Morphogenesis- when body parts are shaped and patterned into a certain form
"Ontogeny Recapitulate Phylogeny"
- Latin saying which means the development of the embryo retraces the evolution of its species.
Example:
Gill Clefts are developed pharyngeal pouches in advanced vertebration.
1st pair- auditory cavity 3rd pair- thymus
2nd pair- tonsils 4th pair- parathyroids
Developmental Stages
A. Embryonic Development
1st Week- early developmental stages
1. Cleavage- cell division w/o growth (from fallopian tubes to uterus)
2. Morula- solid ball of cells (embryo reacts at 3rd day)
3. Blastula- (5th day) cavity is formed called blastocysts having 2 main parts: tropoblasts (outer and becomes the chorion) and inner mass (becomes the fetus)
4. Gastrula- (2nd week) implantation of the embryo at the uterine wall due to the enzyme secreted by the tropoblast that digest away some of the tissue and blood vessels of the uterine wall & secretion of HCG (Human Chorion Gonadotropin) as basis for pregnancy test that appears in the urine & maintains the corpus luteum in secreting estrogen and progesterone that lasts for 3 mos.
At 5 mos. the placenta begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone in greater amount as corpus luteum degenerates, formation of the 3 embryonic layers- ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
5. Neurula
- (3rd Week) appearance of the nerve cord and heart; development of the Nervous System
- (4th-5th weeks) formation of the 4th extraembryonic embrane (allantois) that later becomes the umbilical cord connecting the developing embryo to the placenta; human features appear (head, arms, legs)
- (6th-8th weeks) brain development; neck formation; NS development for reflex actions; all organ systems are established; placenta is mature and fully functioning; 1 1/2 inches long and weighs like an aspirin tablet
B. Fetal Development
2-4 mos.
- large head, flat nose, eyes apart and ears distinctively present, sex are determined; heart beat is felt; skeleton onsified; 6 1/2 inches long and 1/2 lb
5-7 mos.
- movement, eye lids open, pink-colored skin, have lanugs covered with greasy cheese like substance (vernix caseosa) for protection from amniotic fluid, 12 inches long and 3 lbs.
8-9 mos.
- fetus rotates so head is towards the cervix- 21 inches long and 7lbs
Gestation
- period of pregnancy, normally lasts for 38 weeks (266 days)
Parturition
- labor and expulsion of the fetus; contraction of the uterine wall every 15-20 minutes for every 20-30 seconds or 15 minutes for 40 seconds or more.
Stages of Labor:
1.) Dilation of the cervix
-> expulsion of the mucus plug from the cervical canal which prevents bacteria and sperm from entering the uterus during pregnancy
2.) Expulsion of the baby
-> epinotony is done or incision to enlarge the vaginal opening; stitched later then healed
3.) Expulsion of afterbirth
-> placenta is expelled after 15 minutes of delivery; (uterus) uterine muscles contract and uterus shrinks
Thank you! I hope that I helped in a way.
Follow us on Facebook!:http://www.facebook.com/?ref=logo#!/pages/Girls-with-Manly-Names/133198173374478?ref=sgm
♥Jeyonce♥
Development-> concerns with the events and processes that occurs as a single cell becomes a complex organism.
Processes of Development
1. Growth- cell divides gets larger and divides again
2. Differentiation- when cells become specialized in structure & function
3. Morphogenesis- when body parts are shaped and patterned into a certain form
"Ontogeny Recapitulate Phylogeny"
- Latin saying which means the development of the embryo retraces the evolution of its species.
Example:
Gill Clefts are developed pharyngeal pouches in advanced vertebration.
1st pair- auditory cavity 3rd pair- thymus
2nd pair- tonsils 4th pair- parathyroids
Developmental Stages
A. Embryonic Development
1st Week- early developmental stages
1. Cleavage- cell division w/o growth (from fallopian tubes to uterus)
2. Morula- solid ball of cells (embryo reacts at 3rd day)
3. Blastula- (5th day) cavity is formed called blastocysts having 2 main parts: tropoblasts (outer and becomes the chorion) and inner mass (becomes the fetus)
4. Gastrula- (2nd week) implantation of the embryo at the uterine wall due to the enzyme secreted by the tropoblast that digest away some of the tissue and blood vessels of the uterine wall & secretion of HCG (Human Chorion Gonadotropin) as basis for pregnancy test that appears in the urine & maintains the corpus luteum in secreting estrogen and progesterone that lasts for 3 mos.
At 5 mos. the placenta begins to secrete estrogen and progesterone in greater amount as corpus luteum degenerates, formation of the 3 embryonic layers- ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
5. Neurula
- (3rd Week) appearance of the nerve cord and heart; development of the Nervous System
- (4th-5th weeks) formation of the 4th extraembryonic embrane (allantois) that later becomes the umbilical cord connecting the developing embryo to the placenta; human features appear (head, arms, legs)
- (6th-8th weeks) brain development; neck formation; NS development for reflex actions; all organ systems are established; placenta is mature and fully functioning; 1 1/2 inches long and weighs like an aspirin tablet
B. Fetal Development
2-4 mos.
- large head, flat nose, eyes apart and ears distinctively present, sex are determined; heart beat is felt; skeleton onsified; 6 1/2 inches long and 1/2 lb
5-7 mos.
- movement, eye lids open, pink-colored skin, have lanugs covered with greasy cheese like substance (vernix caseosa) for protection from amniotic fluid, 12 inches long and 3 lbs.
8-9 mos.
- fetus rotates so head is towards the cervix- 21 inches long and 7lbs
Gestation
- period of pregnancy, normally lasts for 38 weeks (266 days)
Parturition
- labor and expulsion of the fetus; contraction of the uterine wall every 15-20 minutes for every 20-30 seconds or 15 minutes for 40 seconds or more.
Stages of Labor:
1.) Dilation of the cervix
-> expulsion of the mucus plug from the cervical canal which prevents bacteria and sperm from entering the uterus during pregnancy
2.) Expulsion of the baby
-> epinotony is done or incision to enlarge the vaginal opening; stitched later then healed
3.) Expulsion of afterbirth
-> placenta is expelled after 15 minutes of delivery; (uterus) uterine muscles contract and uterus shrinks
Thank you! I hope that I helped in a way.
Follow us on Facebook!:http://www.facebook.com/?ref=logo#!/pages/Girls-with-Manly-Names/133198173374478?ref=sgm
♥Jeyonce♥
Saturday, September 11, 2010
Gestation Period
Gestation Period
Definition:
For mammals the gestation period is the time in which a fetus develops, beginning with fertilization and ending at birth. The duration of this period varies between species.
Definition:
For mammals the gestation period is the time in which a fetus develops, beginning with fertilization and ending at birth. The duration of this period varies between species.
For most species, the amount a fetus grows before birth determines the length of the gestation period. Smaller species normally have a shorter gestation period than larger animals.For example, a cat's gestation normally takes 58–65 days while an elephant's gestation takes 645 days. However, growth does not necessarily determine the length of gestation for all species, especially for those with a breeding season. Species that use a breeding season usually give birth during a specific time of year when food is available.
Various other factors can come into play in determining the duration of gestation. For humans, male fetuses normally gestate several days longer than females and multiple pregnancies gestate for a shorter period. Ethnicity may also lengthen or shorten gestation.In dogs there's a positive correlation between gestation time and a small litter size.
Monday, August 16, 2010
Botany-First Quarter-Reviewer no. 2
V. Biotechnology
It refers to applications of Biology in combination with Chemistry to produce products, methods or services that would benefit humanity.
1.) Genetic Engineering- manipulation of genes of organisms using recombinant DNA.
2.) Recombinant DNA- refers to the insertion of DNA segments into another DNA to produce hybrid gene.
3.) The Human Genome Project- will identify the DNA bases located in the entire genetic material in human beings.
4.) Transgenic Animals- are used to produce medically important proteins with commercial values.
5.) Stem Cells Technology- could treat human diseases.
6.) Bioremediation- use biotechnology to solve environmental problems, use of natural and recombinant microorganisms to breakdown toxic and hazardous substance already present in the environment.
7.) Gene Therapy- indetification and repair of mutated genes.
Note: Antigen is a harmful organism.
http://www.odofin.com/english/short.htm "TRIP" (I'm just trying to make your nose bleed) LOL! :DD
Let's move on to...
VI. Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
- chief energy source of organisms
Simple Sugars or "Monosaccharides": Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Double Sugars or "Disaccharides":
Glucose + Glucose= Maltose
Glucose + Fructose= Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose= Lactose
Polysaccharides
Starch- main stored food in plants
Glycogen- main stored food in animals
Cellulose- forms part of the wall that encloses plant cell.
Isomer- compounds that have the same formula.
Lipids
*The lipids are a large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, acetone & benzene) and general insolubility in water.
*large molecules; "macromolecules"
EX.
-fats, oils, phospholipids. steroids (cholesterol), waxes and terpens
Saturated Fatty Acids- comes from animal fats like lard and butter.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids- comes from the fats of plants and fishes.
Proteins
- are macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Amino acids- are necessary for protein synthesis.
Nonessential amino acids- can be synthesized by the body
Essential amino acids- cannot be synthesized by the body
Nucleis Acids
It refers to applications of Biology in combination with Chemistry to produce products, methods or services that would benefit humanity.
1.) Genetic Engineering- manipulation of genes of organisms using recombinant DNA.
2.) Recombinant DNA- refers to the insertion of DNA segments into another DNA to produce hybrid gene.
3.) The Human Genome Project- will identify the DNA bases located in the entire genetic material in human beings.
4.) Transgenic Animals- are used to produce medically important proteins with commercial values.
5.) Stem Cells Technology- could treat human diseases.
6.) Bioremediation- use biotechnology to solve environmental problems, use of natural and recombinant microorganisms to breakdown toxic and hazardous substance already present in the environment.
7.) Gene Therapy- indetification and repair of mutated genes.
Note: Antigen is a harmful organism.
http://www.odofin.com/english/short.htm "TRIP" (I'm just trying to make your nose bleed) LOL! :DD
Let's move on to...
VI. Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
- chief energy source of organisms
Simple Sugars or "Monosaccharides": Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
Double Sugars or "Disaccharides":
Glucose + Glucose= Maltose
Glucose + Fructose= Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose= Lactose
Polysaccharides
Starch- main stored food in plants
Glycogen- main stored food in animals
Cellulose- forms part of the wall that encloses plant cell.
Isomer- compounds that have the same formula.
Lipids
*The lipids are a large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, acetone & benzene) and general insolubility in water.
*large molecules; "macromolecules"
EX.
-fats, oils, phospholipids. steroids (cholesterol), waxes and terpens
Saturated Fatty Acids- comes from animal fats like lard and butter.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids- comes from the fats of plants and fishes.
Proteins
- are macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Amino acids- are necessary for protein synthesis.
Nonessential amino acids- can be synthesized by the body
Essential amino acids- cannot be synthesized by the body
Nucleis Acids
The first isolation of what we now refer to as DNA was accomplished by Johann Friedrich Miescher circa 1870. He reported finding a weakly acidic substance of unknown function in the nuclei of human white blood cells, and named this material "nuclein". A few years later, Miescher separated nuclein into protein and nucleic acid components. In the 1920's nucleic acids were found to be major components of chromosomes, small gene-carrying bodies in the nuclei of complex cells. Elemental analysis of nucleic acids showed the presence of phosphorus, in addition to the usual C, H, N & O. Unlike proteins, nucleic acids contained no sulfur. Complete hydrolysis of chromosomal nucleic acids gave inorganic phosphate, 2-deoxyribose (a previously unknown sugar) and four different heterocyclic bases (shown in the following diagram). To reflect the unusual sugar component, chromosomal nucleic acids are called deoxyribonucleic acids, abbreviated DNA. Analogous nucleic acids in which the sugar component is ribose are termed ribonucleic acids, abbreviated RNA. The acidic character of the nucleic acids was attributed to the phosphoric acid moiety.
The two monocyclic bases shown here are classified as pyrimidines, and the two bicyclic bases are purines. Each has at least one N-H site at which an organic substituent may be attached. They are all polyfunctional bases, and may exist in tautomeric forms.
Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of DNA gave four nucleoside products, which proved to be N-glycosides of 2'-deoxyribose combined with the heterocyclic amines. Structures and names for these nucleosides will be displayed above by clicking on the heterocyclic base diagram. The base components are colored green, and the sugar is black. As noted in the 2'-deoxycytidine structure on the left, the numbering of the sugar carbons makes use of primed numbers to distinguish them from the heterocyclic base sites. The corresponding N-glycosides of the common sugar ribose are the building blocks of RNA, and are named adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uridine (a thymidine analog missing the methyl group).
From this evidence, nucleic acids may be formulated as alternating copolymers of phosphoric acid (P) and nucleosides (N), as shown:
~ P – N – P – N'– P – N''– P – N'''– P – N ~
At first the four nucleosides, distinguished by prime marks in this crude formula, were assumed to be present in equal amounts, resulting in a uniform structure, such as that of starch. However, a compound of this kind, presumably common to all organisms, was considered too simple to hold the hereditary information known to reside in the chromosomes. This view was challenged in 1944, when Oswald Avery and colleagues demonstrated that bacterial DNA was likely the genetic agent that carried information from one organism to another in a process called "transformation". He concluded that "nucleic acids must be regarded as possessing biological specificity, the chemical basis of which is as yet undetermined." Despite this finding, many scientists continued to believe that chromosomal proteins, which differ across species, between individuals, and even within a given organism, were the locus of an organism's genetic information.
It should be noted that single celled organisms like bacteria do not have a well-defined nucleus. Instead, their single chromosome is associated with specific proteins in a region called a "nucleoid". Nevertheless, the DNA from bacteria has the same composition and general structure as that from multicellular organisms, including human beings.
Views about the role of DNA in inheritance changed in the late 1940's and early 1950's. By conducting a careful analysis of DNA from many sources, Erwin Chargaff found its composition to be species specific. In addition, he found that the amount of adenine (A) always equaled the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) always equaled the amount of cytosine (C), regardless of the DNA source. As set forth in the following table, the ratio of (A+T) to (C+G) varied from 2.70 to 0.35. The last two organisms are bacteria.
Bwahahahaha! Does this mean that the one that doesn't belong to the following group jiggy in our Advance Biology test earlier is (A+U) ? Haha! I see. :)
To make this short, 5-carbon sugar linked together makes a nucleoside, then, it turns into nucleotide. Since the nucleotide is the building block of the Nucleic Acid thus Nucleic Acid is formed.
;)
VI. Inorganic Compounds
* Water (H20)
* Biological Solvent
* High heat capacity
* High heat fusion
* High heat vaporization
* Lubricant
* Moisturizers
* means for transport
* medium for chemical
* chemical processes
Water is formed by the process of Hydrogen Bond.
Acids + Bases= Biological Buffers
Buffers- a mixture of weak and its corresponding base that controls the Ph of a given substance.
Ph- Potential Hydrogen
| Acids are chemicals which will turn litmus paper red. Litmus is a coloured chemical which can change from red to blue and back again. Which colour it is depends upon the concentration of Hydrogen ions.If the concentration of Hydrogen ions is higher than it is in pure water then the litmus will turn red. If it is lower than in pure water the litmus will turn blue. |
A base is any compound that yields hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. There are quite a few identifiable bases with hydroxide in the the formula such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2).
That is all.
♥Jeyonce♥
Botany-First Quarter-Reviewer no. 1
I. Unifying Ideas in Biology
1. Life on earth is both diverse and united through continuous interactions among life forms.
2. The science of life can be studied through a variety of structural levels and functions.
3. The basic unit of structure and function is the cell, and as such is at the core of all levels of biological organization.
II. Characteristics of a Living Organism
III. Life Processes
7 process of life:
*Movement (moving parts of the body)
*Reproduction (producing offspring)
*Sensitivity (responding & reacting)
*Nutrition (getting food to stay alive)
*Excretion (getting rid of waste)
*Respiration (turning food into energy)
*Growth (getting to adult size)
In order to master them and have fun, you should try to take this weird quiz: http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/revision/Science/life.html
IV. Scientific Method
a. Observation
b. Defining a Problem
c. Formulation of Hypothesis
d. Experimentation
e. Formulation of Scientific Theory
(Part two of the reviewer will be made later on)
♥Jeyonce♥
1. Life on earth is both diverse and united through continuous interactions among life forms.
2. The science of life can be studied through a variety of structural levels and functions.
3. The basic unit of structure and function is the cell, and as such is at the core of all levels of biological organization.
II. Characteristics of a Living Organism
~having respiration(exchange of gasses)
~metabolism (The breaking down of substance and convert to energy
Has two kinds: anabolism(to construct components of a cell) & catabolism(breaks down organic matter)
~Reaction(to counter an/a event/phenomena)
~has homeostasis(maintain a system stable)
~high degree of organization (this causes their outward appearance, different than the previous characteristic, i assure you)
~Identity
~grow and develop at some point in their lives
~create/reproduce organisms similar to themselves
Also has two kinds: Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
~communicate with organisms similar to themselves
~move under their own power.III. Life Processes
7 process of life:
*Movement (moving parts of the body)
*Reproduction (producing offspring)
*Sensitivity (responding & reacting)
*Nutrition (getting food to stay alive)
*Excretion (getting rid of waste)
*Respiration (turning food into energy)
*Growth (getting to adult size)
In order to master them and have fun, you should try to take this weird quiz: http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/revision/Science/life.html
IV. Scientific Method
a. Observation
b. Defining a Problem
c. Formulation of Hypothesis
d. Experimentation
e. Formulation of Scientific Theory
(Part two of the reviewer will be made later on)
♥Jeyonce♥
Branches of "Biology"
Some parts are missing, there might be other branches that haven't been stated. Even so, I hope that this will be of use to you. :)
Branches of Biology
Biology, the study of life, has many aspects to it and many specializations within this broad field. Below is an alphabetical list of many of the branches of biology.
Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodies
Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.
Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic data
Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling.
Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.
Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
Botany - the study of plants
Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.
Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.
Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure.
Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements.
Entomology - the study of insects
Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations
Ethology - the study of animal behavior.
Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time
Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
Herpetology - the study of reptiles (and amphibians?)
Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy.
Ichthyology - the study of fish
Macrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit.
Mammology - the study of mammals
Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.
Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic medicine focusing on alleviating or curing the body from states of disease
Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
Mycology - the study of fungi
Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology
Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine Biology
Ornithology - the study of birds
Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Parisitology - the study of parasites and parasitism
Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.
Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases
Pre-medicine - a college major that covers the general aspects of biology as well as specific classes relevant to the study of medicine
Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of microbiology or pathology
Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, Ornithology
♥Jeyonce♥
Branches of Biology
Biology, the study of life, has many aspects to it and many specializations within this broad field. Below is an alphabetical list of many of the branches of biology.
Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications
Anatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodies
Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.
Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic data
Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling.
Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.
Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification
Botany - the study of plants
Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.
Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.
Developmental Biology - the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure.
Ecology - the study of the ecosystem as a complete unit, with an emphasis on how species and groups of species interact with other living beings and non-living elements.
Entomology - the study of insects
Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations
Ethology - the study of animal behavior.
Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time
Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.
Herpetology - the study of reptiles (and amphibians?)
Histology - The study of cells and tissue, a microscopic branch of anatomy.
Ichthyology - the study of fish
Macrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit.
Mammology - the study of mammals
Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.
Medicine - the study of the human body in health and disease, with allopathic medicine focusing on alleviating or curing the body from states of disease
Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
Mycology - the study of fungi
Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology
Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean. See Marine Biology
Ornithology - the study of birds
Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
Parisitology - the study of parasites and parasitism
Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.
Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases
Pre-medicine - a college major that covers the general aspects of biology as well as specific classes relevant to the study of medicine
Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents, usually considered part of microbiology or pathology
Zoology - the study of animals and animal life, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, Ornithology
♥Jeyonce♥
Araling Panlipunan- First Quarter- no. 3
Modyul 3 "Mga Suliraning Pangkapaligiran sa Asya"
Ang pag-unlad ng teknolohiya ay maituturing na isang positibong hakbang sa sangkatauhan. Marami itong hatid na kaginhawaan sa pamumuhay ng tao. Subalit ang pag-unlad nito ay may kaakibat na msamang bunga-ang pagsilang ng suliraning pangkapaligiran sa buong daigdig.
Pagkasira ng Lupa at Pagkaubos ng Kagubatan
-Pagsasaka ang pansdgunahing hanapbuhay ng mga Asyano. Ngunit ang lumalalang kondisyon ng lupa sa Asya ay nagdudulot ng suliranin sa mga magsasaka. Lumiliit na ang mga lupang maaring sakahin. Ayon sa UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) noong 1990, 850 milyong ektarya na sa Asya ang mababang uri ng lupain at hindi na maaaring tamnan dulot ng erosyon.
Polusyon sa Hangin
Ang polusyon sa hangin ay mapanganib sa kalusugan ng tao. Hindi tulad ng polusyon sa tubig na kadalasang nakaaapekto lamang sa mahihirap na mamamayan, ang maruming hangin ay nalalanghap ng lahat ng mamamayan, mahirap man o mayaman.
Sa malalaking lungsod sa Asya, pangunahing sanhi ng polusyon sa hangin ang paggamit ng fossil fuels tulad ng gasolinang petroleum sa transportasyon.
Pollutant: Carbon Monoxide at Benzene
"Nagdudulot ng=> Chronic Bronchitis at Acute Respiratory Infection"
Mga Programa sa Pangangalaga sa Kapaligiran
WWF (World Water Forum)
- isang panrehiyong komperensya na idinaraos tuwing ikatlong taon sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng World Water Council. Ang WWF ay dinadaluhan ng mga taong interesado sa pag-uusap tungkol sa katubigan, ang mga problema nito at kung papaano ito masosolusyonan.
AFP (Asia Forest Partnership)
- pinagtutuunan ng pansin ang mga problema sa lupa at kagubatan ng Asya. Layunin nito ay labanan ang ilegal na pagtotroso, iwasan ang sunog sa kagubatan at muling buhayin ang kagubatan sa pamamagitan ng muling paggugubat.
AWASI (Area Watch and Sanction Inspection)
- May napapatrolyang mga inspektor ng Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran na magpapataw ng parusa sa mga sasakyang nagbubuga ng itim na usok.
PCA (Partnership for Clean Air)
- tumutulong sa pamahalaan sa pagpapakalat ng impormasyon ukol sa mga di-mabuting epekto ng polusyon sa hangin sa mga tao at sa kapaligiran.
EPO (Environmental Protection Ordinance)
- Nagtatakda ng emission standard para sa mga sasakyang gumagamit ng diesel. Ayon din sa EPO, ang paggamit at pagbebenta ng mga fuel na nakapagpapataas ng particulate matter ay mahigpit na ipinagbabawal.
SINTESIS:
* Ang Asya ay nahaharap ngayon sa mga suliraning pangkapaligiran, pangunahin dito ang paskasira at pagkaubos ng pinagkukunang-yaman at polusyon sa lupa, hangin at tubig.
* Ang pagkaubos at pagkasira ng mga pinagkukunang-yaman, partikular na ang lupa at kagubatan, ay dulot ng mga maling gawain ng tao tulad ng proyektong reklamasyon, sobrang paghahawan ng kagubatan, ilegal na pagtotroso at labis na pagmimina.
♥Jeyonce♥
Ang pag-unlad ng teknolohiya ay maituturing na isang positibong hakbang sa sangkatauhan. Marami itong hatid na kaginhawaan sa pamumuhay ng tao. Subalit ang pag-unlad nito ay may kaakibat na msamang bunga-ang pagsilang ng suliraning pangkapaligiran sa buong daigdig.
Pagkasira ng Lupa at Pagkaubos ng Kagubatan
-Pagsasaka ang pansdgunahing hanapbuhay ng mga Asyano. Ngunit ang lumalalang kondisyon ng lupa sa Asya ay nagdudulot ng suliranin sa mga magsasaka. Lumiliit na ang mga lupang maaring sakahin. Ayon sa UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) noong 1990, 850 milyong ektarya na sa Asya ang mababang uri ng lupain at hindi na maaaring tamnan dulot ng erosyon.
Polusyon sa Hangin
Ang polusyon sa hangin ay mapanganib sa kalusugan ng tao. Hindi tulad ng polusyon sa tubig na kadalasang nakaaapekto lamang sa mahihirap na mamamayan, ang maruming hangin ay nalalanghap ng lahat ng mamamayan, mahirap man o mayaman.
Sa malalaking lungsod sa Asya, pangunahing sanhi ng polusyon sa hangin ang paggamit ng fossil fuels tulad ng gasolinang petroleum sa transportasyon.
Pollutant: Carbon Monoxide at Benzene
"Nagdudulot ng=> Chronic Bronchitis at Acute Respiratory Infection"
Mga Programa sa Pangangalaga sa Kapaligiran
WWF (World Water Forum)
- isang panrehiyong komperensya na idinaraos tuwing ikatlong taon sa ilalim ng pamamahala ng World Water Council. Ang WWF ay dinadaluhan ng mga taong interesado sa pag-uusap tungkol sa katubigan, ang mga problema nito at kung papaano ito masosolusyonan.
AFP (Asia Forest Partnership)
- pinagtutuunan ng pansin ang mga problema sa lupa at kagubatan ng Asya. Layunin nito ay labanan ang ilegal na pagtotroso, iwasan ang sunog sa kagubatan at muling buhayin ang kagubatan sa pamamagitan ng muling paggugubat.
AWASI (Area Watch and Sanction Inspection)
- May napapatrolyang mga inspektor ng Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran na magpapataw ng parusa sa mga sasakyang nagbubuga ng itim na usok.
PCA (Partnership for Clean Air)
- tumutulong sa pamahalaan sa pagpapakalat ng impormasyon ukol sa mga di-mabuting epekto ng polusyon sa hangin sa mga tao at sa kapaligiran.
EPO (Environmental Protection Ordinance)
- Nagtatakda ng emission standard para sa mga sasakyang gumagamit ng diesel. Ayon din sa EPO, ang paggamit at pagbebenta ng mga fuel na nakapagpapataas ng particulate matter ay mahigpit na ipinagbabawal.
SINTESIS:
* Ang Asya ay nahaharap ngayon sa mga suliraning pangkapaligiran, pangunahin dito ang paskasira at pagkaubos ng pinagkukunang-yaman at polusyon sa lupa, hangin at tubig.
* Ang pagkaubos at pagkasira ng mga pinagkukunang-yaman, partikular na ang lupa at kagubatan, ay dulot ng mga maling gawain ng tao tulad ng proyektong reklamasyon, sobrang paghahawan ng kagubatan, ilegal na pagtotroso at labis na pagmimina.
♥Jeyonce♥
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